The instability of extracellular osmolality is a universal stress faced by all organisms ( Burg, 1995 Burg et al., 2007). Environmental osmolality fluctuation is a universal challenge for organisms. Finally, we find that in addition to ASH and ADL, multiple sensory neurons are involved in hyperosmotic sensation and avoidance behavior.Īnimals regularly encounter, sense, and avoid noxious environmental stimuli, such as hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic stress ( Culotti and Russell, 1978 Hilliard et al., 2005), excessive mechanical forces ( Walker et al., 2009 Campbell et al., 2015), aversive smells ( Li and Liberles, 2015 Duan et al., 2020), heavy metal ions ( Sambongi et al., 1999 Guo et al., 2015 Wu et al., 2022), harmful pH ( Sambongi et al., 2000 Spalthoff and Gopfert, 2016), alkaloids quinine ( Hilliard et al., 2004 Voelker et al., 2019), extreme temperatures ( Takeishi et al., 2020), etc. In addition, ASH promotes hyperosmotic avoidance through ASH/RIC/AIY feedforward circuit. The neuronal signal integration modality in the circuit is disexcitation. In this circuit, hyperosmolality-sensitive ADL augments the ASH hyperosmotic response and animal hyperosmotic avoidance RIM inhibits ADL and is excited by ASH thus, ASH exciting RIM reduces ADL augmenting ASH. The interaction between ASH and ADL is actualized through a negative feedback circuit consisting of ASH, ADL, and RIM interneurons. In this study, we find that interaction between secondary nociceptive ADL and primary nociceptive ASH neurons upregulates Caenorhabditis elegans avoidance of the mild and medium hyperosmolality of 0.41 and 0.88 Osm but does not affect avoidance of high osmolality of 1.37 and 2.29 Osm. Osmotic sensation and related physiological and behavioral reactions are essential for animal well-being and survival. Sensations, especially nociception, are tightly controlled and regulated by the central and peripheral nervous systems. Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. ![]() Hui Liu, Jing-Jing Wu, Rong Li, Ping-Zhou Wang, Jia-Hao Huang, Yu Xu, Jia-Lu Zhao, Piao-Ping Wu, Si-Jia Li and Zheng-Xing Wu *
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